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Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of cultivated Cistanche deserticola (EECCD) in Xinjiang. Methods:Ovalbumin (OVA) was used antigen, ICR mice were divided into 9 g/L NaCl group (blank control group), EECCD group (1 200 μg EECCD), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low-dose EECCD/OVA group (400 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), medium-dose EECCD/OVA group (800 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), high-dose EECCD/OVA group (1 200 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA) and aluminum adjuvant (Alum)/OVA group (200 μg Alum+10 μg OVA). Mice were immunized subcutaneously, and the immunization was strengthened once 14 days after the initial immunization. The level of splenocyte proliferation was determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in CD4 + T cell, dendritic cells (DCs) surface markers and CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results:Three dose of EECCD can enhance OVA-specific IgG titers in serum. The antibody titer in medium-dose EECCD/OVA group was 250 000, which was the same as that in the Alum/OVA group. The medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly improve IgG1 and IgG2a (both P<0.01). Therefore, the medium dose EECCD was selected as the best dose. MTT results displayed that splenocyte proliferation were significantly stimulated by medium-dose EECCD/OVA ( P<0.05), and the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in CD4 + T cells were promoted in groups administered with medium-dose EECCD/OVA (both P<0.01). Furthermore, medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly up-regulated the levels of CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ (MHCⅡ) on DCs and down-regulated the frequency of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg (all P<0.05). Conclusions:EECCD has good immunomodulatory activity, can promote Th1-biased response, and has the therapeutic potential for the prevention of diseases.
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, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine, was considered as central nervous system (CNS) drug for years. Both ethanol extracts (EES) and water extracts (WES) of it were applied clinically. Unfortunately, the difference of their efficacy and even effective material foundation of remains obscure. In this study, to explore the active constituents of , we compared pharmacodynamics and chemical profiles / of EES/WES for the first time using multiple chemical analysis, pharmacological and data processing approaches. It was proved that there was no significant difference in the anti-depressive effects between WES and EES. However, the contents of most components and in plasma were higher in EES than those in WES, which was unconvincing for their similar efficacy. Therefore, we further explored components of targeted onto brain and the results showed that 5 lignans were identified with definite absorptivity respectively both in EES and WES caused by the limitation of blood-brain barrier. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis predicted their anti-depressive action. Above all, the systematic strategy screened 5 brain-targeted effective substances of and it was suggested that exploring the components into nidi would promote the studies on herbs effective material basis.
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Objective::To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from the 95%, 75%ethanol extracts of the stems of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Method::The 25 kg stems of Z. bungeanum were extracted with 95%, 75%ethanol for three times, and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to get the extracts. The 95%extracts were then extracted by petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol successively to obtain corresponding fractions. Such fractions and 75%extracts were isolated and purified by silicagel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, preparation HPLC and recrystallization to obtain compounds. Their structures were identified by mass spectroscopy (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Result::Sixteen compounds were isolated from the stems of Z. bungeanum and identified as dictamnine(1), decarine(2), zanthobungeanine(3), pseudocolumbamine(4), skimmianine(5), norchelerythrine(6), osthenol(7), dimethylfraxetin(8), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamylalcohol(9), asarinin(10), yangambin(11), syringaresinol(12), ashantin(13), bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylate(14), 24-propylcholesterol(15), and sucrose(16). Conclusion::Compounds pseudocolumbamine(4), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamylalcohol(9), and 24-propylcholesterol(15)were isolated from the genus of Zanthoxylum for the first time and compounds dictamnine(1), osthenol(7), dimethylfraxetin(8), asarinin(10), yangambin(11), syringaresinol(12), ashantin(13), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylate(14)were isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Objective:To investigate that the effect of ethanol extracts from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma on the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)and Smad3 in the hypertrophic scars of rabbit ears and elucidate its mechanism to improve hypertrophic scars. Method:The model of hypertrophic ear scar model was established by damaging the inner skin of ears in New Zealand white rabbits.The 49 rabbits were randomly divided into control group, model group, low, medium and high-dose ethanol extracts groups from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (0.4，1.0，2.0 g·kg-1), asiaticoside ointment group(5 mg·kg-1) and compound heparin sodium allantoin gel group(20 mg·kg-1), 7 rabbits per group. Except control group, the different drug about 0.5 mL had been applied the hypertrophic scar of rabbit ears once a day. After 42 days, the tissues of hypertrophic scar were obtained. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining was used to observe the pathological changes of rabbit ear scar tissue and determine the scar hyperplasia index. The expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in scar tissue of rabbit ears were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcription PCR（RT-PCR）. Result:Compared with control group, the pathological changes of the ear scars in the model group showed obvious hyperplasia and higher hyperplasia index (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in scar tissue of rabbit ears were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with model group, the pathological structures of the ear scar tissue were significantly improved and the hyperplasia index of ear scar tissue was clearly reduced in medium and high-dose groups of ethanol extracts from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma(P<0.05，P<0.01). The protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in scar tissue were also decreased in different group of ethanol extracts from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma compared with the model group (P<0.05，P<0.01). Conclusions:Ethanol extracts from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma may play a curative role in inhibiting hypertrophic scars by reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in scar tissue and inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smads signal transduction pathway. These provides the experimental basis for the clinical application of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma in the treatment of hypertrophic scars.
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@#To investigate the antipyretic effects and potential mechanism of Isodon eriocalyx ethanol extracts, the SD rats was injected by dry yeast subcutaneously to establish the model of fever. Experimental groups were divided into blank, model, positive drug paracetamol(150 mg/kg), low doses(200 mg/kg), high doses(800 mg/kg)of ethanol extracts of I. eriocalyx, rosmarinic acid(150 mg/kg), cirsimaritin(150 mg/kg)and maoecrystal D(150 mg/kg). After 4 hours of model establishment, the drugs were administered orally to each group; the blood and tissue samples were then collected 8 hours affer model establishment. Rectal temperature was detected to evaluate the antipyretic effects. The levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α), arginine vasopressin(AVP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and prostraglandin E2(PGE2)were measured to explore the potential mechanism. Results showed that the inoreased rectal temperature in rats was ameliorated by ethanol extracts of I. eriocalyx. Moreover, administration of ethanol extracts of I. eriocalyx could reduce the serum TNF-α levels and increase AVP levels in rats, decrease the levels of cAMP and PGE2 in hypothalamus and promote AVP secretion in ventral septal area of rats. However, there were no dramatic changes about rectal temperature and biochemical indicators mentioned above after administration of rosmarinic acid, cirsimaritin and maoecrystal D, respectively. In conclusion, ethanol extracts of I. eriocalyx exerted antipyretic effects on fever rats induced by yeast, which is probably due to the suppression of the secretion of TNF-α, cAMP and PGE2 and promotion of the excretion of AVP. However, the material basis of the antipyretic mechanism of this plant still remains to be further explored.
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Objective: To investigate the fungistatic activity and synergistic effects of natural products and their constituents, including traditional oriental medicines (TOMs). Methods: Fungistatic activities of TOMs prepared by hot-water (115 °C) or ethanol (70%; 40 °C) extraction were determined by their minimum inhibitory concentration. To assess possible synergistic effects, minimum inhibitory concentrations of various combinations were evaluated. Results: By evaluating antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum, which is a major causative fungus for several types of dermatophytosis, we confirmed that ethanol extracts were more active than hot-water extracts in 25 of the 36 TOMs, suggesting that the constituents with high hydrophobicity tend to contribute significantly to fungistatic activity. We selected four TOMs with high fungistatic activity, including Aucklandiae radix, Gentianae macrophyllae radix, Scutellariae radix, and Galla rhois, and their synergistic effects were investigated through the combination studies between TOMs or TOM-conventional drug terbinafine. In combinations between four TOMs, partial synergistic effects were observed in Aucklandiae radix-Galla rhois and Gentianae macrophyllae radix-Galla rhois combinations, as supported by the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration index value of 0.66 for both combinations. Furthermore, Galla rhois showed the strongest synergistic effect on growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum with a fractional inhibitory concentration index value of 0.50 in combination with terbinafine. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the combination of TOMs and TOM-terbinafine may be effective on treatment for chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis by improving fungistatic activity and led to decrease systemic toxicity in clinical practice.
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Objective:To investigate the fungistatic activity and synergistic effects of natural products and their constituents, including traditional oriental medicines (TOMs).Methods:Fungistatic activities of TOMs prepared by hot-water (115 °C) or ethanol (70%; 40 °C) extraction were determined by their minimum inhibitory concentration. To assess possible synergistic effects, minimum inhibitory concentrations of various combinations were evaluated.Results:By evaluating antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum, which is a major causative fungus for several types of dermatophytosis, we confirmed that ethanol extracts were more active than hot-water extracts in 25 of the 36 TOMs, suggesting that the constituents with high hydrophobicity tend to contribute significantly to fungistatic activity. We selected four TOMs with high fungistatic activity, including Aucklandiae radix, Gentianae macrophyllae radix, Scutellariae radix, and Galla rhois, and their synergistic effects were investigated through the combination studies between TOMs or TOM-conventional drug terbinafine. In combinations between four TOMs, partial synergistic effects were observed in Aucklandiae radix–Galla rhois and Gentianae macrophyllae radix–Galla rhois combinations, as supported by the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration index value of 0.66 for both combinations. Furthermore, Galla rhois showed the strongest synergistic effect on growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum with a fractional inhibitory concentration index value of 0.50 in combination with terbinafine.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that the combination of TOMs and TOM-terbinafine may be effective on treatment for chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis by improving fungistatic activity and led to decrease systemic toxicity in clinical practice.
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OBJECTIVE:To extract,isolate the triterpenes from the leaves of Olea europaea,then conduct structural identifica-tion,and provide reference for development and application of the leaves of O. europaea. METHODS:Silica gel column and other methods were used for elution,column chromatography and recrystallization of the ethyl acetate part of ethanol extracts from the leaves of Olea europaea. The structures of separated compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS:6 com-pounds were isolated from ethyl acetate part of the leaves of O. europaea,identified as β-amyrin,erythrodiol,2α,3β-dihydrox-yl-12-ursen-28-acid (compound 3),oleanolic acid,camaldulenic acid (compound 5),3α-maslinic acid. Compound 3 and com-pound 5 were isolated from the leaves of O. europaea for the first time. CONCLUSIONS:The study has provided test basis for the further development and reasonable application of the leaves of O. europaea.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of extracts from Siegesbeckiae herba (HS) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced chronic myocardial injury in mice. METHODS:48 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups. Mice in blank control(Con)group received distilled water once every day,ig,and normal saline(2 mL/100 g)once every day,ip,for 8 weeks;mice in DOX mice received distilled water(2 mL/100 g)once every day,ig,and DOX(3 mg/kg)once every week,ip,for 8 weeks;mice in DOX+HS group received HS(340 mg/kg)once every day,ig,and DOX(3 mg/kg)once every week,ip,for 8 weeks. After administra-tion,body mass,heart coefficient,cardiac function changes,serum biochemical index levels [alanine aminotransferase(ALT),as-partate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)and total cholesterol(TC)] of mice were determined. RESULTS:Compared with Con group,body mass of mice in DOX group was decreased(P<0.01);heart coefficient was increased(P<0.05);heart rate slowed down,R-wave was increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);serum biochemical indexed were increased,there was significant difference in AST(P<0.01). Compared with DOX group,heart coefficient of mice in DOX+HS group was decreased (P<0.01);heart rate was increased (P<0.01);serum biochemical indexes were decreased,there was significant differences in CK,LDH,TC(P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:HS has cer-tain protective effects on DOX-induced chronic myocardial injury in mice.
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Objective To investigate the constituents of water and ethanol extracts from the stems and leaves ofAucklandia lappa and their effect on gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion of gastrointestinal normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice.Methods The water,ethanol and aether petrolei extracts from stems and leaves of A.lappa were prepared,and the chemical constituents of the stems and leaves were identified by chemical reaction.The hyperthyroidism state was induced by neostigmine and inhibiting state was induced by atropine.Mice were ig administered with water and ethanol extracts (0.5 g/kg),with the improved phenol red method to determine gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion in gastrointestinal normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice.Results Both water and ethanol extracts significantly improved intestinal propulsion in normal mice (P ＜ 0.05 and 0.01),while significantly decreased the intestinal propulsion in hyperthyroidism mice (P ＜ 0.05) and ethanol extract showed a stronger decreasing effect than that of water extract.The inhibitory effect of atropine on intestinal propulsion was intensified by these two extracts (P ＜ 0.05).The restrained gastric emptying of normal,hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice was also observed.Chemical composition analysis indicated that many kinds of chemical components including protein,sugar,essential oil,flavonoids,lactones,alkaloids,saponins and tannins existed in the leaves and stems of A.lappa.Conclusion The leaves and stems of A.lappa could promote the intestinal propulsion of normal mice and restrain the intestinal propulsion of hyperthyroidism and inhibited mice while inhibit the gastric emptying in any condition tested,and its promoting effect on the gut may be related to the M cholinergic receptor.
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To study the intestinal absorptive characteristics of the ethanol extracts from Gandou decoction(GDD), everted intestinal sac models were used. The six representative ingredients (berberine hydrochloride, quercetin, kaempferide, rhein, chrysophanol, and aloe emodin) of GDD, were selected as the experimental targets to investigate the absorptive characteristics of various ingredients in different intestinal sections. The results showed that all six ingredients from GDD were detected in the intestinal sac, three active ingredients (berberine hydrochloride, quercetin, kaempferide) in high, medium and low doses had linear absorption properties in the small intestine segment, consistent with zero-order absorption rate; in addition, the absorption rate constant (Ka) of three components in jejunum and ileum were increased with the increase of the concentration of GDD (P<0.05), consistent with passive absorption. However, the Ka of rhein in jejunum and ileum showed little difference with the increase of dosage, suggesting a possibility of active transport mechanism. Chrysophanol and aloe-emodin were poorly absorbed in the two segments, which had not been detected in the previous time. The results suggested that the components of GDD were selectively absorbed in the intestinal sac, and the absorption characteristic of the ingredients were not exactly similar.
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Objective To investigate the protective effects of ethanol extracts of Tadehagi triquetrum ( TTOE) on car-bon tetrachloride ( CCl4 )-induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups:normal control group ( NC group) ,model control group,bifendate dropping pill group,low-,medium-and high-dose TTOE groups. The liver injury model was established by administration of CCl4 in all the groups except the NC group.The indexes of the liver, spleen and thymus were obtained.The activities of serum ALT,AST,ALP,LDH, albumin and T-AOC were measured.The activi-ties of SOD and GSH-PX and the contents of MDA,NO and GSH and Cyt P450 were also detected in hepatic tissues. Results TTOE at different doses could obviously reduce the indexes of the liver,thymus and spleen,which were (57.13±0.71),(32.44± 0.24),and (27.78±0.16),respectively,in high-dose TTOE group,and there were significant differences between the TTOE groups and model control group (P<0.01).The activities of ALT,AST,ALP and LDH were obviously decreased in high-dose TTOE groups,which were (65.59±8.23),(141.38±15.52),(2 462.4±253.6),(172.51±20.64),respectively,in the TTOE high-dose group (P<0.01).The serum levels of Alb and T-AOC were obviously increased,the contents of NO and MDA significantly decreased and the activities of SOD and GSH-PX and the contents of GSH Cyt P450 in liver tissues profoundly increased in TTOE groups when compared with those in model control group ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion TTOE could protect against acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 in mice,which may be associated with the decrease in the activities of liver enzymes,anti-oxide free radical effect,decreased NO content and inhibited lipid peroxidation.
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Objective To investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the ethanol extracts of Plantago asiatica in different diabetes animal models.Methods The different diabetes animal models (adrenaline -induced hyperglyce-mic models,glucose -induced hyperglycemic models,alloxan -induced hyperglycemic models)have been applied. Results Compared with model groups,the ethanol extracts of Plantago asiatica at high dose[(10.26 ±1.76)mmol/L] possessed obviously hypoglycemic effects on adrenaline -induced hyperglycemic mice[(14.74 ±2.47)mmol/L](t =2.558,P <0.01)and the middle dose[(11.74 ±2.35)mmol/L]possessed hypoglycemic effects on adrenaline -induced hyperglycemic mice[(14.74 ±2.47)mmol/L](t =1.524,P <0.05 );Compared with model groups,the ethanol extracts of Plantago asiatica at high dose[(11.38 ±1.76)mmol/L]possessed obviously hypoglycemic effects on glucose -induced hyperglycemic mice[(16.15 ±2.49)mmol/L](t =2.710,P <0.01 )and the middle dose [(13.01 ±3.23)mmol/L]possessed hypoglycemic effects on glucose -induced hyperglycemic mice(t =1.334,P <0.05);In addition,the ethanol extracts of Plantago asiatica could significantly inhibit the rise of blood glucose level and had certain hypoglycemic effect on halloxan -induced diabetic mice.Conclusion The ethanol extracts of Planta-go asiatica have a significant role in lowering blood glucose at a certain extent.
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Bacterial infections cause thousands of deaths in the world every year. In most cases, infections are more serious because the patient is already weakened, and often, the bacteria are already resistant to the antibiotics used. Counterparting this negative scenario, the interest in medicinal plants as an alternative to the synthetic antimicrobial drugs is blossoming worldwide. In the present work, we identified the volatile compounds of ethanol extracts of Melissa officinalis, Mentha sp., Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus barbatus, and Rosmarinus officinalis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Also was evaluated antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts against 6 bacteria of clinical interest, and was tested the interaction of these extracts with a commercial antibiotic streptomycin. Phytol was a compound identified in all extracts by GC/MS, being majoritary component in Plectranthus barbatus and Rosmarinus officinalis. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to ethanol extracts, and Plectranthus barbatus and Rosmarinus officinalis were the most active extracts. Ethanol extracts exhibited a synergetic effect with streptomycin. These results encourage additional studies, in order to evaluate the possibilities of using ethanol extracts of Lamiaceae family as natural source for antibacterial activity.
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Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Drug Synergism , Lamiaceae/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Streptomycin/pharmacology , Volatile Organic Compounds/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Volatile Organic Compounds/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of three major active constituents (humulones, lupulones and xanthohumol) in dried hops (Humulus lupulus) strobiles (whole and ground) as well as their ethanolic extracts during storage. Methodology: A comparative study of humulones, lupulones and xanthohumol levels of H. lupulus strobiles during storage was carried out. Dried whole strobiles and cryogenically ground dried strobiles stored at -15ºC as well as ethanol extracts of the strobiles prepared using different ethanol concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 95%) and stored at room temperature, were analyzed by HPLC to quantify each constituent. These hops samples were analyzed immediately after preparation, and then one year and two years later to determine the concentrations of the constituents. Results: HPLC analysis indicated that the amount of all three constituents in the ground strobiles and in the ethanol extracts decreased gradually during the storage period. The 10% and 30% ethanol extracts had very low amounts of constituents initially and were practically devoid of constituents at the end of two years. The 50% ethanol extract contained considerable amounts of humulones and xanthohumol, and low levels of lupulones initially, but lost substantial amounts over time. The 70% and 95% ethanol extracts showed higher levels of all three constituents, while the 95% H. lupulus ethanol extract contained the highest constituent levels throughout the experimental period. The ethanol content of the extract had a direct correlation to the constituent levels; the higher the ethanol level, the higher the initial and subsequent constituent levels. Conclusion: Both dried hops and ethanol extracts lose active components over storage time. When preparing extracts, at least 70% ethanol is necessary to extract the highest levels of three bioactive constituents and to retain them over a two-year period. Ethanol concentration is a critical factor to be considered in hops extraction process.
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Objective. To determine the ability of propolis preservative cachama fillets during refrigerated storage. Materials and method. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were used in cachama fillets. The treatments included: i) 96% ethanol alcohol as the control; ii) 0.8% EEP; iii) 1.2% EEP; and iv) liquid smoke. A invitro analysis was used to determine the inhibitory effect of propolis on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium sp. and on the fish matrix to determine the mesophiles, psychrotrophiles, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, sulphite reducing spores and the presence of Salmonella. Results. The results of the in vitro analysis demonstrated the control that the EEP had over the evaluated microorganisms without presenting significant differences between the different concentrations (p>0.05). The analyses of the fish fillet matrix presented acceptable contents for the evaluated microorganisms in the treatments with EEP. A different situation was seen in the treatment with liquid smoke and the control, which had samples that where rejected after 20 days of storage. The sensory analysis showed acceptance for the samples with EEP until the end of the storage period but low marks for the treatment with liquid smoke and the control. Conclusions. The EEP used in this study could be effective for the control of Gram positive bacteria and some Gram negative bacteria that are present in cachama fillets; and could be an alternative to the use of chemical preservatives.
Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad conservante de propóleos en filetes de cachama durante el almacenamiento bajo refrigeración. Materiales y método. Se utilizaron extractos etanólicos de propóleos (EEP) en filetes del pez cachama (Piaractus brachypomus). Los tratamientos realizados fueron: i) alcohol etanólico 96% v/v como control; ii) EEP 0.8%; iii) EEP 1.2% y iv) Humo líquido. Fueron realizados análisis in vitro para determinar la actividad inhibitoria de los propóleos frente a Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., y Clostridium sp., y en la matriz de pescado para determinar la presencia de mesófilos, psicrotrófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, esporas sulfitoreductoras y de Salmonella spp. Resultados. Los resultados de los análisis in vitro mostraron control de los EEP sobre los microorganismos utilizados sin presentar diferencias significativas (p>0.05). Los análisis en la matriz del filete de pescado presentaron conteos aceptables para los microorganismos evaluados en los tratamientos con EEP. Situación diferente para los tratamientos con el humo líquido y el control, siendo las muestras rechazadas a partir del día 20 de almacenamiento. El análisis sensorial mostró aceptación de las muestras con EEP hasta el final del período de almacenamiento y bajas puntuaciones para los tratamientos con el humo líquido y el control. Conclusiones. Los EEP utilizados podrían ser efectivos en el control de bacterias Gram positivas y algunas Gram negativas presentes en filetes de cachama y serian una opción para evitar el uso de conservantes químicos.
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Ethanol , Microbiological Techniques , PropolisABSTRACT
Objective To study the effects of the different concentrations of ethanol extracts of Smilax China on ear edema in mice and granuloma in rats,and to provide an evidence for optimizing the extraction process. Methods Effects of different concentrations of ethanol extracts of Smilax China on the xylene-induced ear edema in mice and the cotton ball-induced granuloma hyperplasia in rats were tested . Results Compared with the model controls,70% ethanol extracts of Smilax China at high,medium and low doses significantly inhibited ear edema in mice (t=2. 58,P<0. 05;t=2. 28,P<0. 05;t=2. 17,P<0. 05) and reduced the granuloma hyperplasia in rats(t=5. 28,P<0. 01;t=5. 24,P<0. 01;t=5. 17,P<0. 01). Conclusion The 70% ethanol extracts of Smilax China at three doses present the most active antiinflammatory effect,confirmed in both mice ear edema and rats granuloma models.
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Objective:To explore the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of ethanol extract of Ageratum cony-zoides. L. from Guangxi. Methods:The auricle edema model was induced by dimethylbenzene in the mice and the paw edema model was induced by carrageenan respectively in the mice and rats to study the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Ageratum cony-zoides. L. from Guangxi. The content of malondiadehyde (MDA) and proateglandin E2 (PGE2), and the activity of superoxide dis-mutase( SOD) in the mouse edema paw was measured. The contents of tumour necrosisfactor-α ( TNF-α) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the rat serum were detected as well. Results:Compared with the model control group, the ethanol extracts of Ageratum conyzoides. L. from Guangxi could remarkably inhibit auricle edema in the mice and paw edema in the mice and rats( P<0. 05 or P<0. 01), the inhibition ratio for high, medium and low dosage group(6. 0, 3. 0, 1. 5 g·kg-1)was 29. 24%,16. 42% and 11. 21% in the auricle edema mice and 28. 66%,18. 79% and 13. 13% in the paw edema mice , respectively. It could remarkably re-duce MDA and PGE2 content and enhance the activity of SOD in the mouse inflammatory tissue(P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). In the paw e-dema rats, the inhibition ratio for high, medium and low dosage group(4. 5,2. 3, 1. 2 g·kg-1)was 43. 69%, 36. 01% and 23. 29%at the 3rd h, respectively , and it also could remarkably reduce serum TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 content(P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Con-clusion:The ethanol extracts of Ageratum conyzoides. L. from Guangxi show significantly anti-inflammatory effects, and the mecha-nisms may be related to the ability of scavenging oxygen free radicals and reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines and proinflam-matory cytokines.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for the determination of ethanol extracts content of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. using near-infrared spectroscopy. METHODS: The ethanol extracts contents of 139 samples were determined by the method of ethanol cold-soak extraction. Near-infrared spectrograms were obtained, then multiplicative signal correction, first derivative method and Savitzky-Golay filter method were used to process the spectrograms, at last the calibration model of ethanol extracts content was established by partial least squares regression analysis method. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients, root-mean-square error of calibration, root-mean-square error of prediction and root-mean-square error of cross-validation of the calibration model of ethanol extracts content were 0.98958, 0.590, 0.623 and 0.97518, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is stable, accurate, and can be used to predict ethanol extracts content of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. rapidly.
ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial antioxidante dos extratos de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) e orégano (Origanum vulgare L.), e medir a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de soja adicionado de ambos os extratos. Foram obtidos extratos de manjericão e orégano nas formas in natura e seco, a partir das folhas das especiarias submetidas às extrações aquosas, etanólicas e sequenciais por 30 min, na proporção de 1:3 (m/m, especiaria:solvente), sob agitação contínua e temperatura ambiente. Nos extratos foram determinados o valor de concentração eficiente (CE50), a atividade antioxidante máxima (AA) e a quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT). Os extratos de orégano e manjericão com maior atividade antioxidante foram aplicados no óleo de soja em concentrações que variaram de 250 a 2.000 mg kg-1, para avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa. Os resultados indicaram que os extratos etanólicos de manjericão in natura com CE50 = 863,97 µg mL-1, AA = 35,63% e CFT = 56,55 mg g-1 e orégano seco com CE50 = 415,82 µg mL-1, AA = 48,42% e CFT = 147,96 mg g-1 foram os mais eficientes para serem aplicados ao óleo de soja na concentração de 2.000 mg kg-1, na qual apresentaram a maior estabilidade oxidativa, 21,8 e 15,1 horas, respectivamente. Com base na metodologia empregada e dentro das condições estudadas, concluiu-se que os extratos etanólicos de manjericão in natura e orégano seco revelaram potencial antioxidante quando aplicados em óleo de soja.
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) extracts and to measure the oxidative stability of soybean oil added to both extracts. Basil and oregano extracts were obtained in fresh and dry forms from the leaves of spices subjected to aqueous, ethanol and sequential extraction for 30 min at a ratio of 1:3 (m/m, spice:solvent) and continuously shaken at room temperature. For the extracts, the value of effective concentration (EC50), the maximum antioxidant activity (AA) and the amount of total phenolic compounds (TFC) were obtained. The oregano and basil extracts that had higher antioxidant activity were applied to soybean oil at concentrations ranging from 250 to 2,000 mg kg-1, to evaluate the oxidative stability. The results indicated that the ethanol extracts of fresh basil with EC50 = 863.97 mg mL-1, AA = 35.63% and TFC = 56.55 mg g-1 and dry oregano with EC50 = 415.82 mg mL-1, AA = 48.42% and TFC = 147.96 mg g-1 were more efficient for application in soybean oil at a concentration of 2,000 mg kg-1, which showed the highest oxidative stability, 21.8 and 15.1 hours, respectively. Based on the employed methodology and under the studied conditions, it was concluded that the ethanol extracts of fresh basil and dry oregano showed antioxidant potential when applied in soybean oil.